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A ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2023, Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka a hukumance ta kawo karshen COVID-19 "gaggawa ta kasa" a Amurka. Wata daya bayan haka, COVID-19 ba ta zama "Gaggawa ga lafiyar jama'a na damuwa na kasa da kasa." A cikin Satumba 2022, Biden ya ce "cutar COVID-19 ta ƙare," kuma a wannan watan an sami mutuwar sama da 10,000 masu alaƙa da COVID-19 a Amurka. Tabbas, ba Amurka kaɗai ba ce ke yin irin waɗannan kalamai. Wasu kasashen Turai sun ayyana kawo karshen barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin 2022, sun dage hane-hane, da sarrafa COVID-19 kamar mura. Waɗanne darussa za mu iya koya daga irin waɗannan kalaman a tarihi?

Karnuka uku da suka wuce, Sarkin Faransa Louis na XV ya ba da umurni cewa an kawo karshen annobar annoba da ta barke a kudancin Faransa (duba hoto). Shekaru aru-aru, annoba ta kashe mutane da yawa a duniya. Daga 1720 zuwa 1722, fiye da rabin al'ummar Marseille sun mutu. Babban makasudin dokar dai ita ce baiwa ‘yan kasuwa damar ci gaba da gudanar da harkokinsu na kasuwanci, kuma gwamnati ta gayyaci jama’a da su kunna wuta a kofar gidajensu domin “biki a bainar jama’a” karshen annobar. Dokar ta kasance cike da biki da alama, kuma ta kafa ma'auni na shela da bukukuwan karshen barkewar cutar. Har ila yau, yana ba da haske sosai kan dalilan tattalin arziki da ke tattare da irin wannan sanarwa.

Sanarwa tana ayyana tashin wuta a Paris don bikin ƙarshen annoba a Provence, 1723.

Amma shin da gaske ne dokar ta kawo ƙarshen annoba? Tabbas ba haka bane. A karshen karni na 19, an sami barkewar annoba, inda Alexandre Yersin ya gano kwayar cutar Yersinia pestis a Hong Kong a shekara ta 1894. Ko da yake wasu masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa annobar ta bace a cikin 1940s, amma ba ta zama abin tarihi ba. Yana cutar da mutane a cikin wani nau'in zoonotic endemic a yankunan karkara na yammacin Amurka kuma ya fi kowa a Afirka da Asiya.

Don haka ba za mu iya yin tambaya ba: shin cutar za ta taɓa ƙarewa? Idan haka ne, yaushe? Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana ganin an kawo karshen barkewar cutar idan har sau biyu ba a tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar ba idan dai har tsawon lokacin kamuwa da cutar. Yin amfani da wannan ma'anar, Uganda ta bayyana ƙarshen barkewar cutar Ebola na baya-bayan nan a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2023. Duk da haka, saboda annoba (wani lokaci da aka samo daga kalmomin Helenanci pan [" duk "] da demos [" mutane ")) wani lamari ne na annoba da zamantakewar zamantakewa da ke faruwa a kan sikelin duniya, ƙarshen annoba, kamar farkonsa, ya dogara ba kawai a kan ka'idoji, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ganin kalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen kawar da kwayar cutar (ciki har da rarrabuwar kawuna a fannin kiwon lafiya, tashe-tashen hankula a duniya da ke shafar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, motsin jama'a, juriya na yaki da cutar, da kuma lalacewar muhalli wanda zai iya canza dabi'ar namun daji), al'ummomi sukan zabi dabarun da ke da karancin tsadar rayuwa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. Dabarar ta ƙunshi ɗaukar wasu mace-mace a matsayin babu makawa ga wasu gungun mutanen da ke fama da talauci na zamantakewa ko matsalolin lafiya.

Don haka, cutar ta ƙare lokacin da al'umma ta ɗauki hanyar da ta dace game da zamantakewar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin matakan kiwon lafiyar jama'a - a takaice, lokacin da al'umma ta daidaita yawan mace-mace da cututtuka masu alaƙa. Wadannan matakai kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga abin da aka sani da "endemic" na cutar (" endemic "ya fito ne daga Hellenanci en ["cikin") da demos ), tsari wanda ya ƙunshi jurewa wasu adadin cututtuka. Cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa kan haifar da barkewar cututtuka lokaci-lokaci a cikin al'umma, amma ba sa haifar da cikar sassan sassan gaggawa.

Mura misali ne. Cutar murar H1N1 ta 1918, wacce aka fi sani da “Mura ta Spain,” ta kashe mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duk duniya, gami da kimanin 675,000 a Amurka. Amma nau'in mura na H1N1 bai ɓace ba, amma ya ci gaba da yaduwa cikin bambance-bambance masu sauƙi. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mutane 35,000 a Amurka suna mutuwa daga mura a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce. Al'umma ba wai kawai cutar ta "kyauta" ba (yanzu cuta ce ta yanayi), amma kuma tana daidaita yawan mace-macen ta na shekara-shekara da yawan cututtuka. Har ila yau, al'umma ta tsara shi, ma'ana cewa adadin mutuwar da al'umma za ta iya jurewa ko amsawa ya zama yarjejeniya kuma an gina shi a cikin zamantakewa, al'adu da dabi'un kiwon lafiya da kuma tsammanin, farashi da cibiyoyi.

Wani misali kuma shine tarin fuka. Yayin da daya daga cikin manufofin kiwon lafiya a cikin muradun ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shine "kawar da tarin fuka" nan da shekarar 2030, abin jira a gani shine yadda za'a cimma hakan idan cikakkiyar fatara da rashin daidaito suka ci gaba. Tarin tarin fuka wata cuta ce mai “kisa shiru” a yawancin ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita, wanda rashin isassun magunguna, rashin isassun kayan aikin likita, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma cunkoson gidaje. A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, adadin mutuwar tarin fuka ya karu a karon farko cikin fiye da shekaru goma.

Kwalara kuma ta zama annoba. A shekara ta 1851, illar da cutar kwalara ta haifar da tabarbarewar harkokin kasuwanci ta duniya, ya sa wakilan daular sarakuna suka kira taron tsaftar muhalli na farko a birnin Paris domin tattauna yadda za a shawo kan cutar. Sun samar da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na farko na duniya. Amma yayin da aka gano cututtukan da ke haifar da kwalara kuma an sami magunguna masu sauƙi (ciki har da rehydration da maganin rigakafi), barazanar lafiyar kwalara ba ta ƙare ba da gaske. A duk duniya, ana samun kamuwa da cutar kwalara miliyan 1.3 zuwa 4 da kuma mutuwar mutane 21,000 zuwa 143,000 a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2017, kwamitin da ke yaki da cutar kwalara ya fitar da taswirar kawar da cutar kwalara nan da shekara ta 2030. Sai dai kuma annobar kwalara ta yi kamari a 'yan shekarun nan a yankunan da ke fama da rikici ko kuma matalauta a duniya.

HIV/AIDS watakila shine mafi dacewa misali na annobar kwanan nan. A shekarar 2013, a taron koli na musamman na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, da aka gudanar a Abuja, Najeriya, kasashe mambobin kungiyar sun kuduri aniyar daukar matakan kawar da cutar kanjamau, zazzabin cizon sauro da tarin fuka nan da shekarar 2030. A shekarar 2019, ma'aikatar lafiya da ayyukan jin kai ta sanar da wani shiri na kawar da cutar kanjamau a Amurka nan da shekarar 2030, a kowace shekara akwai sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau guda 35 a Amurka. wani bangare ta rashin daidaito na tsari a cikin ganewar asali, magani, da rigakafin, yayin da a cikin 2022, za a sami mutuwar masu cutar HIV 630,000 a duk duniya.

Yayin da kwayar cutar HIV/AIDS ta kasance matsalar lafiyar jama'a a duniya, yanzu ba a dauke ta a matsayin matsalar lafiyar jama'a. A maimakon haka, yanayin da ake fama da shi na yau da kullun na cutar kanjamau da kuma nasarar maganin rigakafin cutar kanjamau ya mayar da shi cutar ta yau da kullun wacce kulawar ta dole ne ta yi gogayya da ƙarancin albarkatu tare da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na duniya. Hankalin tashin hankali, fifiko da gaggawa da ke da alaƙa da ganowar farko na HIV a cikin 1983 ya ragu. Wannan tsari na zamantakewa da siyasa ya daidaita mutuwar dubban mutane a kowace shekara.

Bayyana ƙarshen annoba ta haka ke nuna matsayin da darajar rayuwar mutum ta zama wani canji na zahiri - a wasu kalmomi, gwamnatoci sun yanke shawarar cewa kuɗaɗen zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da siyasa na ceton rayuwa sun fi fa'ida. Ya kamata a lura cewa cututtuka na endemic na iya kasancewa tare da damar tattalin arziki. Akwai la'akari na dogon lokaci na kasuwa da kuma yuwuwar fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin don rigakafi, magani da sarrafa cututtuka waɗanda a da suka kasance annoba ta duniya. Misali, kasuwannin duniya na magungunan cutar kanjamau ya kai kusan dala biliyan 30 a shekarar 2021 kuma ana sa ran za ta haura dala biliyan 45 nan da shekarar 2028. A cikin yanayin cutar ta COVID-19, “dogon COVID,” wanda ake gani a matsayin nauyi na tattalin arziki, na iya zama wurin ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaba ga masana’antar harhada magunguna.

Waɗannan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun bayyana a sarari cewa abin da ke ƙayyade ƙarshen annoba ba sanarwar annoba ba ce ko kuma wata sanarwa ta siyasa, amma daidaita mace-mace da cutar ta hanyar daidaitawa da kamuwa da cutar, wanda a cikin yanayin cutar ta COVID-19 ana kiranta da "rayuwa da kwayar cutar". Abin da ya kawo karshen cutar shi ne matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na cewa matsalar lafiyar jama'a da ke da alaka da ita ba ta zama barazana ga habakar tattalin arzikin al'umma ko tattalin arzikin duniya ba. Ƙarshen gaggawa na COVID-19 don haka tsari ne mai sarƙaƙƙiya na ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi na siyasa, tattalin arziki, ɗabi'a, da al'adu, kuma ba sakamakon ingantaccen kima na zahirin annoba ba ne ko kuma alama ce kawai.